It kind of depends on what you want to do- if you want to train for track time trials and standing starts and things without a velodrome, you can do that on the roads. Jimmy Watkins (multiple US national champion in sprint events and kilo) lives in Bakersfield, a few hours from the nearest track. He's got a kilo (and maybe other distances) marked out on the road that he uses for training. For mass start racing, crits are probably the closest you'll get, but the dynamics of track races tend to a be a bit different, and people tend to ride closer together on the track.
As far as training programs, I think carleton summed it up pretty well. Your best bet is probably to at least consult with a track coach to get a program, even if you don't get ongoing coaching because you're far away.