I believe your SR deraileur will handle a 28t depending on the overall gearing. asking it to do a 12-28 with a 39-53t crank might be a bit much. however your SR rd will not work with your brifters. the SR is not a slant parrallelgram style derailer style, and not designed to be used with indexing systems.
yes those hubs look like early casstte record hubs judging by the oil clip.
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