When I lived in Victoria, I either would ride or catch a bus to the nearest train station north of Melbourne, and travel into the city centre, or much further afield to ride, either for tours or randonnees. I did the same when I lived in Perth, and was just starting out as a cyclist 20 years ago. In both cases, the trains were equipped with areas for bikes.
It was a lot of fun, and I miss it greatly because, as Machka says, passenger trains don't exist in Tasmania.
We've also made a lot of use of trains with our bikes when travelling through Europe and the United Kingdom.