Fenders will keep road spray off your clothes and bike and are pretty essential in a damp winter.
Windproofing is the first priority, get a decent windproof-only jacket with very light insulation (or none), a drop tail, high collar and well sealed cuffs
Breathable waterproofs are never breathable enough and using them for every ride wil wear them out sooner.
Soft shells are useful, they handle light rain well without being plastic-bag waterproof.
For 10min rides you can use a cotton T shirt, these dont handle sweat very well and can be dangerous on longer exposed rides but I use them around town without a problem. Wicking T shirts are better and merino wool the best.
Tights, athletic tracksters or windproof hiking pants work on the legs. Keep lightweight water-resistant overpants handy for occasional rain or colder biting winds.
A neckwarmer-tube will seal your neck opening, it is small and light and very effective extra insulation. You will need full gloves.
Midlayer insulation can be anything handy, I use woollen knitted jumpers.