dabac

Sure you can. But paint out of a spray can is usually so much softer than whatever it was that was on the bike originally, so personally it'd have to be a SERIOUSLY messed-up paintjob before I'd try replacing it with something out of a rattle can.

You might consider leaving the stripped and prepped frame to a car painter or similar and have them paint it instead. If they don't have to do any prep job it shouldn't cost that much. If you're not too picky about the color they might be able to spray it while spraying something else, which would make it even cheaper.