Training & Nutrition - Diet Soda-how bad and why?

I read about how diet soda is so bad for you but none of these articles cite any real studies showing the negative side effects. Most of these studies state that you body turns the "Aspartame" into formaldehyde and also into acetone and how bad this is for you. Well, your body produces these in a number of different processes and in such small quantities that it causes no harm. Now I'm not saying that you should drink acetone or formaldehyde, but the quantities you produce from "Aspartame" doesn't seem to be enough to matter. Can anyone show me a real study with evidence to back up the diet soda being "bad".
thanks

ASPARTANE, horrid stuff. Worse than sugar, in certain ways. I only drink coke once a month or sometimes two when i do that i find a cherry coke. mmmmmmm cherry coke

http://www.holisticmed.com/aspartame/
http://www.dorway.com/
http://presidiotex.com/aspartame/
http://www.sweetpoison.com/

those are some site that i found, didnt read them though :)

anyway i think they are about how much it is bad for you. I am not against it just a teller of the truth.

thanks for the links, but i'm not looking for an opinion from someone trying to sell a book. I'm looking for studies of 100 or more people with an "Aspartame" group a control group and a regular soda group that clearly states that the "Aspartame" group developed significantly more problems than the other two groups. I've been looking for such a study, but I can't seem to find one. Everything that I read about the negative side effects of "Aspartame" are just speculation and assumptions.
thanks

thanks for the links, but i'm not looking for an opinion from someone trying to sell a book. I'm looking for studies of 100 or more people with an "Aspartame" group a control group and a regular soda group that clearly states that the "Aspartame" group developed significantly more problems than the other two groups. I've been looking for such a study, but I can't seem to find one. Everything that I read about the negative side effects of "Aspartame" are just speculation and assumptions.
thanks

Looks like you want a study that proves aspertame is just fine.
Likely you will find it..LOL :)

Doesn't apply to products sweetened with Splenda. Does it?

"Looks like you want a study that proves aspertame is just fine.
Likely you will find it..LOL"

I'm looking for the real story. Water in hudge quanties has been proven to be bad for your kindeys, but it is fine under normal consumption. I just don't believe all the hype about how bad "Aspartame" is for you and would like to see a real study showing the hows and whys.
thanks

Doesn't apply to products sweetened with Splenda. Does it?

No Splenda is a different animal. I'm sure if you dig around, you'll find postives and negatives about Splenda. Personally, I don't use artificial sweeteners or fats (only real sugar, real butter, real cheese, etc), but from what I have researched, I would trust Spelnda more than aspartame. I won't eat aspartame, period.

Splenda "study" from links above:

better watch out for this one also!

Recent Research
A possible problem with caecal enlargement and renal mineralization has been seen in post approval animal research.


Sucralose Breaks Down
Despite the manufacturer's mis-statements, sucralose does break down into small amounts of 1,6-dichlorofructose, a chemical that has not been adequately tested in humans.


Independent, Long-Term Human Research
None. Manufacturer's "100's of studies" (some of which show hazards) were clearly inadequate and do not demonstrate safety in long-term use.


Chlorinated Pesticides
The manufacturer claims that the chlorine added to sucralose is similar to the chlorine atom in the salt (NaCl) molecule. That is not the case. Sucralose may be more like ingesting tiny amounts of chlorinated pesticides, but we will never know without long-term, independent human research.


Conclusion
While it is unlikely that sucralose is as toxic as the poisoning people are experiencing from Monsanto's aspartame, it is clear from the hazards seen in pre-approval research and from its chemical structure that years or decades of use may contribute to serious chronic immunological or neurological disorders.

Just my personal experience with diet soft drinks versus regular. I cannot drink diet soft drinks without a meal and nothing less than a meal. Not a snack, a meal. Otherwise, an empty feeling comes over me. Almost like what it feels like when you bonk (low blood sugar). Consequently, I feel like I have to rush to my pantry to abate this feeling. Toxic or not, this empty feeling cancels the benefits of zero calories.

You'll die from natural causes before any of these substances do noticable harm to you.

You want to see how and why it's bad for you. Go buy a years supply of diet coke, and drink a couple every day.

"Looks like you want a study that proves aspertame is just fine.
Likely you will find it..LOL"

I'm looking for the real story. Water in hudge quanties has been proven to be bad for your kindeys, but it is fine under normal consumption. I just don't believe all the hype about how bad "Aspartame" is for you and would like to see a real study showing the hows and whys.
thanks

Recent discussion about this on USENET, with no one able to cite any REAL study. However, why take a chance? I drink one every few days, but drink mostly water or juice.

I guess the question should also be is it better for you than regular soda. I am a Mtn Dew addict. Be it the taste or the caffine or whatever I drink it every day. During my diet I have switched to Diet Dew which has had a couple of effects. 1) I drink much less because it doesn't taste nearly as good. 2) Cutting the cal not only from each can but from reduced intake is helping my weight loss. Now if someone is going to tell me this will kill me before drinking normal Dew then I will switch back or make a more concerted effort to just not drink it but that is going to be a big step for me.

I guess the question should also be is it better for you than regular soda. I am a Mtn Dew addict. Be it the taste or the caffine or whatever I drink it every day. During my diet I have switched to Diet Dew which has had a couple of effects. 1) I drink much less because it doesn't taste nearly as good. 2) Cutting the cal not only from each can but from reduced intake is helping my weight loss. Now if someone is going to tell me this will kill me before drinking normal Dew then I will switch back or make a more concerted effort to just not drink it but that is going to be a big step for me.


Maybe you could stock up on those "shortie" cans of pop they sell now.

I drink a five-pack (one of the tall cylinders) full of Crystal Light every week (about 2quarts per day). I wonder if that's bad for me... It's obviously sweetened with something, but I always thought it would be healthier than drinkig diet sodas all the time, which is what I used to do, until I started serious training and decided to cut out caffiene entirely.

I was drinking Fresca for awhile...zilch calories....Now I drink 1 Vernor's ginger ale per
day. As far as coffee, it seems suggestive, for some people they feel better without it, others do just fine. I have seen no evidence coffee is bad for you.

Curious - what is wrong with just drinking filtered water? People act as if it is some kind of a punishment to just drink H2O??? Squeeze a bit of lemon juice in the glass if you want to jazz it up a bit.

Curious - what is wrong with just drinking filtered water? People act as if it is some kind of a punishment to just drink H2O??? Squeeze a bit of lemon juice in the glass if you want to jazz it up a bit.

Try doing my job. Water isn't going to keep you awake. :D But seriously I have replaced a large amount of soda with water (drinking >64 oz a day now) but still have that urge for a soda so now I do the diet thing.

Curious - what is wrong with just drinking filtered water? People act as if it is some kind of a punishment to just drink H2O??? Squeeze a bit of lemon juice in the glass if you want to jazz it up a bit.

Did someone say there was something wrong with it?
Besides my one soda per day and a cup of coffee in the morning that's all I do drink.
Most of us probably do drink a lot of water, one other 12 oz drink per day won't hurt much.

Some folks live 90+ years smoking and drinking daily. Others live a 'healthy' life, exercise, eating like an olympian, 8+ hours of sleep a night, and die in their 50's. I follow the old rule of 'anything in excess is bad'.

I eat well, drink lots of water, probably too much coffee. But I have lost 36#'s in the last year, rode 3k+miles and havent been sick. That to me is a far better indication of health then the number of soda's I drank.

I think that I am going to try to give up all flavored drinks. One; it is a way to save some money. Two: My throat starts to feel a little funny after I drink a diet pop. Three: The amount of chemicals in diet soda leads me to believe that it isn't the greatest for you. I'll still have one every now and then, but for now, I think will let this 12 pack run out and not get any more.

In the summer months I love drinking a cold Hansens Diet Soda or two after a ride. Very refreshing and tasty.

Its sweetened with 100% Spenda (I saw the post in this thread about possible issues with Splenda)

I like Diet Hansens (not because its 'all natural' - not sure what this really means for a diet soda) but because I like the various fruit flavors so much.

Al

I've always been watching for some real proof vs the knee jerk reactions and have yet to see any. The only carbonated bev I drink is diet non caffeinated. Since thats all I buy thats all my kids drink too. If I saw a real study indicating reg soda was better for them I would switch back ... but I notice BIG difference in the kids ...when they get the mega sugar and caffine doses from reg soda they are bouncing off the walls and have real problems with self control. My sister is always gasping in horror that I give my kids diet while she only lets hers have reg and juice ... her kids are always on a sugar high, are overweight and have teeth problems; mine are thin and athletic, calmer and have great teeth and have been sick maybe 2 days in 2 years. I know there are tons of other factors involved ... but ??? In 5+ years I've drank nothing but diet (for sodas) and weigh 50+ pounds less, in best physical condition in 25 years and haven't missed a day for sickness in years. So until I see some kind of sceintific study my conclusion is that diet drinks are tons better for you than regular soda and are the next best thing to water.

I don't think you will find a scientific double blind study because
1. they cost money
2. manufacturers who fund a study hope to use the diet substance and have no interest in publishing negative business information
3. consumer advocates usually have hotter hot buttons than diet drinks.

You should be able to find lots of antedotal accounts, i.e. stories of how the substance effected one person/family/group. But genetics can have a huge effect on side effects.

Antedotally, we gave up on both soda and diet sodas for the following reasons:
1. they are addictive. Harder to give up on colas than smoking.
2. they cause hi-low cycling of moods and energy levels,
3. they increase appetite and so consume more calories than drinking equavalent non diet drink
4. they reinforce a drug addiction habit: I don't feel perfect, I will take some XYZ and I'll feel better.
5. they are not natural and thus less than best for our bodies
6. they increase headache frequency and durations.
7. they tend to increase long term problems with teeth and joints.

Your body chemistry is different, but those are the common results of a 2 culture family.

Best advice:
1. drink water,
2. if not water, add weak teas. Not too much or will dehydrate body. Watch for allergic reactions with teas. Celestial seasons is notorious for adding XYZ which may have an unexpected allergy reaction.
3. if not weak teas, try the mexican solution. Pour a small, about 1/8th at most, better is 1/10, or a good squirt of fruit juice in water.
4. If non of above, go with filtered water.
5. NB: Hot water works better than cold water in satisfying thirst.

www.aspartamekills.com

Just a personal testimony, not for or against Aspartame, but catious about soda in general. I used to drink diet coke everyday, say about three or four bottles a day. I like the taste a lot more than regular coke -didn't really care about the sugar or anything like that. Well I stopped all soft drinks and the only carbonation I get is from S. Pelligrino or something like that -just once in a while. So the other day I drank a diet coke for old times sake, I was feeling nostalgic. Before I was finished I had a pounding headache and I fet sick. Could have been a bad batch of soda, could have been anything but it was triggered by the soda. I remember when I used to drink diet cokes throughout the day I would notice how one bottle would have a different taste from the next. It was little things I noticed that influenced my decision to drop soft drinks all together.

people are always looking for some evidence to justify their bad habits. filling your body with artifical, man-made-in-the-lab chemicals may or may not be good for you...who knows? what we DO know is that people have been living on natural foods and clean water for millions of years. what we DON'T know are the long-term effects of 20-21st century chemicals.

watch someone rot away from cancer and then decide whether or not you want to take your chances with chemicals produced by corporations whose sole interest is in parting you from your money, and if you get addicted to their brand, so much the better.

you want evidence that this crap is not bad for you? you'll find it. you want evidence that it's bad? you'll find it. in the end, ya pays yer nickel and ya takes yer chances.

my body is the product of millions of years of evolution, 99.999% of which occurred under natural conditions with a natural diet. maybe aspartame is good, maybe it's bad...but i'm not taking the chance of destroying the one and only body i have simply to satisfy some crazing for having something sweet in my mouth for a few minutes a day.

nourishment grows on trees, out of the soil, out of living things. it isn't constructed in a lab.

Living on Earth causes cancer :D

Living can lead to death in certain cases. :D :D

I'd wager that the crap you get into your body from the air on a 30min bike ride and is worse for you than most artificial sweeteners. Also don't forget that those healthy plants and animals you eat also absorb lots from their enviroment. Even organic - of course nothing is intentionally introduced, but organic plants and animals also have to breath our polluted air and drink contaminated water.

Of course eliminating even the small sources of things you don't want (like artificial sweeteners) can only help, not hurt.

Al

Drink whatever soda you want. Just don't drink so dang much of it. Look at that guy who ate nothing but McDonalds everyday for a month. He ate over 4000 calories a day and sat on his a$$ all day. And people were shocked that his body started givin' out on him?!!!
20/20, 60 minutes or one of those shows had some guy on the same McDonald's diet with the exception that the guy would workout 2-3 hours a day. The guy actually lost weight and was as healthy as can be.

Moral of the story...

Ride and all will be well :)

Well, when they do the studies, they use animals like rats. Now the studies are pretty short term (maybe a year or two) because one time costs money and rats don't live that long. Now what they do is expose the animals to levels of the suspect chemical that are thousands if not tens of thousands of times higher then a person would ever get exposed to. Now, you have an animal study where the animals suffer a significant adverse health effect but that poses a question. Would the effect occur at lower does over a long time period? Maybe, maybe not.

With most artificial sweetners, even assuming that the adverse effect noted in animals does occur in people, analysis has been done showing that you are far better off drinking the diet version and avoiding exposure to the risks of sugar (calories, obesity and diabetes) then drinking the sugar version of the soda. Better still is to drink water. The risk, if it exists, is pretty small. There are other things to worry about.

To my knowledge, the only real negative that has been proven conclusively is that the bubbly-water stuff has some thing in it (I forgot what) that inhibits the body's ability to absorb Calcium.

Depending on the individual, this could be important for a cyclist because road-cycling is not a good exercises for promoting bone density. Mountain biking is better, but not all that great.

I've got a neighbor (late 40's) who was told to stop cycling and jog because his bone density was too low. Unfortunately, the neighbor and the doctor are not well informed. The correct recommendation would have been to continue cycling and add jogging, or better yet, weight training (preferably with free-weights) to his fitness program plus some dietary changes.

Al

Wow .. aspertame was allowed to pass the FDA protocol by our own wonderful moron donald rumsfield.. such a nice guy :) You should be drinking non flouridated water !.. fllouride was 1st used in nazi germany to make the inmates in the infamous death camps more docile ..sheeple like :) Prescott bush .. dubyas granddad owned this company and used the profits too finance adolf hitler to power :)
Jar

(I forgot what)

I beleive that is phosphates.

Wow .. aspertame was allowed to pass the FDA protocol by our own wonderful moron donald rumsfield.. such a nice guy :) You should be drinking non flouridated water !.. fllouride was 1st used in nazi germany to make the inmates in the infamous death camps more docile ..sheeple like :) Prescott bush .. dubyas granddad owned this company and used the profits too finance adolf hitler to power :)
Jar

Bah, that is just tri-lateral commission propaganda spread by WTO minions to thwart democratic governments!

The real conspiracy is that aspartame is put into food and drinks so that the Bush family can profit and reach their ultimate goal. That is to have a holiday with the family name! That’s right, BUSH DAY. They plan to make even more money since they secretly own BIC razors and Gillette and with BUSH DAY as a national holiday razor sales will skyrocket!

What in the heck does diet or other soda do for you? I mean, just drink water. Let others be the experimental group so that 20 years down the road we can know whether or not Aspartame, etc., causes long-term damage. In my lifetime, I have seen so many seemingly "harmless" drugs and chemicals prove in later years they were deadly.

I am most reminded of DDT, which was hailed as a wonder chemical - it was sprayed everywhere. Unitl we found that bird egg shells would crack from the weight of the mom sitting on them and a whole lot of other things!

The only way we can tell whether or not something has long-term potential for damage to your body is to have a long-term study. By drinking the chemical, you have just made yourself an experimental object.

H2O

What in the heck does diet or other soda do for you? I mean, just drink water. .

H2O

This the third thime you've said that in this thread Denver, we heard you :) <--smiley face



Curious - what is wrong with just drinking filtered water? People act as if it is some kind of a punishment to just drink H2O??? Squeeze a bit of lemon juice in the glass if you want to jazz it up a bit.


Recent discussion about this on USENET, with no one able to cite any REAL study. However, why take a chance? I drink one every few days, but drink mostly water or juice.

This the third thime you've said that in this thread Denver, we heard you :) <--smiley face

Glad to know you are keeping track, FXjohn. I need someone to kep me straight, and it seems as if you have appointed yourself to do that.

Thanks for paying such close attention! :) <---- Smiley Face

Regarding the formaldehyde -- it's not produced by your body by the metabolism of aspartame, but by the effect of heat and the natural break down of aspartame while it's being stored in the can. Aspartame is made up of phenyalanine and another amino acid -- glycine or something else, i forget, but it is an excitotoxin in terms of its effects on your brain. So, basically, drinking lots of diet soda over a long period of time, sugar and phos. acid notwithstanding, will basically increase your odds of neurological symptoms or brain damage :)

There are plenty of better options. If you want a sweetner that's actually good for you and has no caloric impact, try liquid or powdered STEVIA. Should be in everything, but the FDA won't allow it to be marketed as a sugar sub. because it would obviously render aspartame and splenda irrelevant -- and, as has been previously posted, these are huge money makers.

and... in case you're not familiar with it, stevia is an south american herb that is extremely sweet. You can find extracts - some more refined than others -- at natural food stores like Whole Foods Market, etc. Pretty wild stuff, does not effect insulin release; does not feed bacteria; all the taste without the problems...

What in the heck does diet or other soda do for you? I mean, just drink water. Let others be the experimental group so that 20 years down the road we can know whether or not Aspartame, etc., causes long-term damage. In my lifetime, I have seen so many seemingly "harmless" drugs and chemicals prove in later years they were deadly.

I am most reminded of DDT, which was hailed as a wonder chemical - it was sprayed everywhere. Unitl we found that bird egg shells would crack from the weight of the mom sitting on them and a whole lot of other things!

The only way we can tell whether or not something has long-term potential for damage to your body is to have a long-term study. By drinking the chemical, you have just made yourself an experimental object.

H2O

Soda is a nice break from water. It's one of life's pleasures with lunch. Moderation is the key.

Many areas of the third world want DDT back to cut their death rates from mosquito born diseases.

Some of us need these drugs that scare you and can't wait long-term. I take 4-drugs, three of which are critical for a near-normal lifestyle. I've been taking "not risk-free drugs" for 51 years. Life is not risk free.

Al

but there shouldn't be risks purposely made just to gain some money. it disturbs me how leisurly (sp?)companies treat our health.

but there shouldn't be risks purposely made just to gain some money. it disturbs me how leisurly (sp?)companies treat our health.

Cases where there were risks "purposely made just to gain some money" will happen because some people are just "evil doers" as Bush would say. No system can be perfect, especially if humans are involved. Griping about the imperfection does little good.

The individual is responsible for his own health. The doctor is nothing more than an advisor. If yours doesn't agree with that role, then it's time for a change. If one takes the time to become reasonable informed, it's not too hard to choose the least-risk options and see through the shysters like Atkins, for example.

Atkins by the way, never scientifically tested his "concepts" before he wrote his books. That was easy to determine. It's also easy to determine why his diet is dangerous and counter productive for athletes.

I've refused prescriptions as far back as 1965 and as recently as last year. In both cases I solved the problem with alternative solutions. Now with the Web, you even have access to stuff like the New England Journal of Medicine articles. Hard to read, but with some study, you can manage.

I got the original article on the results of the 7 year, 5000 man study on a Statin that I now take to better manage Cholesterol. Two Statins have already been pulled from the market; they were not tested sufficiently. Mine is the least advertised but the safest (Probability of dieing from all causes actually dropped).

Again, not hard to determine IF you choose to be responsible for your own health/risks. If you like to rely on the government, then your going to have to rely on the failings of the market place and politics. Then you'd better become politically active.

Al

I never knew that soda could have such harmfull effects. I also heard that soda carbonates your muscles forbiding them to grow properly while working out.. is this true?

Soda does not "carbonate" your muscles ... your mind, perhaps...

As a physician I like to see evidence, not theory. This is a selection of what turned up on a Medline search of "Aspartame effects long term" (check yourself if you don't believe me, I just picked the studies that seemd to have some reasonable human implications to answer this question). The gist of it seems to be little evidence for harm, seems to facilitate weight loss somewhat beyond just the calorie reduction. I especially like the study where they took the equivalent aspartame in TEN LITRES of diet soda per day for 6 months.

No doubt moderation is a reasonable approach. Also no doubt diet soda is better than sugar for weight loss (name any other food where you can go to 1 calorie and still replicate most of the taste of the original...) Caffeine in some diet soda is clearly an issue, though relevance depends on the situation.

Sorry for long post.

Cheers


The effect of aspartame as part of a multidisciplinary weight-control program on short- and long-term control of body weight.
1: Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Feb;65(2):409-18.
Blackburn GL, Kanders BS, Lavin PT, Keller SD, Whatley J.

Center for the Study of Nutrition Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

This study investigated whether the addition of the high-intensity sweetener aspartame to a multidisciplinary weight-control program would improve weight loss and long-term control of body weight. One hundred sixty-three obese women were randomly assigned to consume or to abstain from aspartame-sweetened foods and beverages during 16 wk of a 19-wk weight-reduction program (active weight loss), a 1-y maintenance program, and a 2-y follow-up period. Women in both treatment groups lost approximately 10% of initial body weight (10 kg) during active weight loss. Among women assigned to the aspartame-treatment group, aspartame intake was positively correlated with percentage weight loss during active weight loss (r = 0.32, P < 0.01). During maintenance and follow-up, participants in the aspartame group experienced a 2.6% (2.6 kg) and 4.6% (4.6 kg) regain of initial body weight after 71 and 175 wk, respectively, whereas those in the no-aspartame group gained an average of 5.4% (5.4 kg) and 9.4% (9.4 kg), respectively. The aspartame group lost significantly more weight overall (P = 0.028) and regained significantly less weight during maintenance and follow-up (P = 0.046) than did the no-aspartame group. Percentage weight losses at 71 and 175 wk were also positively correlated with exercise (r = 0.32, P < 0.001; and r = 0.34, P < 0.01, respectively) and self-reported eating control (r = 0.37, P < 0.001; and r = 0.33, P < 0.01, respectively). These data suggest that participation in a multidisciplinary weight-control program that includes aspartame may facilitate the long-term maintenance of reduced body weight.


Safety of long-term large doses of aspartame.
1: Arch Intern Med. 1989 Oct;149(10):2318-24.
Leon AS, Hunninghake DB, Bell C, Rassin DK, Tephly TR.

Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Safety of long-term administration of 75 mg/kg of aspartame per day was evaluated with the use of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design in 108 male and female volunteers aged 18 to 62 years. Subjects received either aspartame or placebo in capsule form three times daily for 24 weeks. No persistent changes over time were noted in either group in vital signs; body weight; results of standard laboratory tests; fasting blood levels of aspartame's constituent amino acids (aspartic acid and phenylalanine), other amino acids, and methanol; or blood formate levels and 24-hour urinary excretion of formate. There also were no statistically significant differences between groups in the number of subjects experiencing symptoms or in the number of symptoms per subject. These results further document the safety of the long-term consumption of aspartame at doses equivalent to the amount of aspartame in approximately 10 L of beverage per day.

Effects of long-term ingestion of aspartame on hypothalamic neuropeptide Y, plasma leptin and body weight gain and composition.
Physiol Behav. 2002 Feb 1-15;75(1-2):41-7
Beck B, Burlet A, Max JP, Stricker-Krongrad A.

Centre de Recherches UHP/EA 3453, IFR no. 111, Systemes Neuromodulateurs des Comportements Ingestifs; 38, rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France. bernard.beck@nancy.inserm.fr

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the chronic ingestion of aspartame (ASP) on brain neuropeptide Y (NPY) concentrations, plasma hormones, food intake and body fat. Two groups of male Long-Evans rats, fed on a control (C) well-balanced diet, had to drink either a 0.1% ASP solution or water for a period of 14 weeks starting at weaning. Food intake and body weight were weekly recorded. At the end of the experiment, fat pads were sampled, leptin and insulin were measured in the plasma and NPY in several microdissected brain areas. Substituting ASP for water led to lower body weight (-8%; P<.004) and lower fat depot weight (-20%; P<.01) with no differences in energy intake or plasma insulin concentrations. Plasma leptin was significantly reduced by 34% (P<.05). Leptin concentrations were well-correlated with final body weight (r=.47; P<.025) and fat pad mass (r=.53; P<.01). NPY concentrations were 23% lower (P<.03) in the arcuate nucleus of ASP rats with no differences in other brain areas. The beneficial effects on body composition could be related to the decreased effects of NPY on lipid and energy metabolism, independently of insulin. The reasons for the NPY decrease (regulatory or toxicological) are not obvious. The constitutive amino acids of the ASP molecule might participate in the NPY regulation.

This thread is making me thirsty.

How pure is our water (bottled and filtered) unless we filter it with a reverse osmosis/deionization unit?

Next thing you know someone will suggest that beer is not good for you.

Next thing you know someone will suggest that beer is not good for you.
Heresy! Hang the non-believer!