Go Back  Bike Forums > Bike Forums > Touring
Reload this Page >

What Are Your "Grizzly / Wildlife" Precautions?

Search
Notices
Touring Have a dream to ride a bike across your state, across the country, or around the world? Self-contained or fully supported? Trade ideas, adventures, and more in our bicycle touring forum.

What Are Your "Grizzly / Wildlife" Precautions?

Thread Tools
 
Search this Thread
 
Old 06-30-16, 03:31 PM
  #26  
Fraser Valley Dave
 
Join Date: Apr 2009
Location: Fraser Valley British Columbia Canada
Posts: 546

Bikes: devinci monaco (upgraded)

Mentioned: 0 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 34 Post(s)
Likes: 0
Liked 0 Times in 0 Posts
#24 and #25 are good posts....
I've cycled the Alaskan Hwy and on different roads in the Yukon and northern BC.
I carry bear spray but haven't had to use it. I always traveled during June which
probably is the worst time for bear problems because many black bears and grizzlies
are very hungry and have a hard time finding food. I always chose my campsites carefully
and never ate or kept food near where I slept. I did see both kinds of bears, some
quite close, but used the vehicle traffic as a barrier to get by them. I've tested the large
canisters of bear spray. They don't reach out very far, and take a long time to unclip,
pull off the safety pin, and then aim...so unless you have it at the ready, a sudden attack
like what happened to that officer will be over before you have a chance.
Big Lew is offline  
Old 06-30-16, 03:36 PM
  #27  
Senior Member
 
CliffordK's Avatar
 
Join Date: Nov 2014
Location: Eugene, Oregon, USA
Posts: 27,547
Mentioned: 217 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 18376 Post(s)
Liked 4,511 Times in 3,353 Posts
Originally Posted by indyfabz
Except he wasn't in an open field. He was riding on a trail in the forest and, according to another story I have read, likely startled the bear. They rarely attack for no reason. When you go into the woods in Glacier, which is right near where this attack happened, it's explained to you that you should always make noise while hiking so you don't surprise a bear, because that's when they can get hostile. The scenario likely didn't play out like a Dirty Harry movie, with the bear standing around while the rider says "Me and Smith & Wesson" as he slowly draws his firearm from his sport coat. He was probably set upon before he had a chance to piss his pants, much less reach for a weapon or even bear spray.
What does play out is that the companion could do little other than chucking rocks at the bear. Instead he decides to leave his companion at the mercy of the bear and head off for "help".

I imagine a bear mauling would be tough to know what to aim at. But at least with an 0.45 you could get its attention. How quickly does the bear go to the head and neck of their "prey"?
CliffordK is offline  
Old 06-30-16, 03:49 PM
  #28  
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Feb 2012
Posts: 794
Mentioned: 1 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 72 Post(s)
Liked 13 Times in 11 Posts
Originally Posted by Miele Man
MTBs on trails can be quite fast and nearly silent. In bear country that can be a very bad combination. Heck that can be a bad combination where there are other trail users. This is even more so where the trails have bad sight lines and/or blind corners. I've often wondered if a constant sound emitting device similar to the old card in the spokes would help warn animals and other trail users of the bicyclist's approach?

Cheers
Sure, jingle bells (bear bells) on the handlebars are common. Around here, mountain bikers use them as a courtesy to hikers and to avoid startling deer and mountain lions.

Citing the scene from The Revenant had to be a joke, right? Because movies have never lied to us...

Last edited by stevepusser; 07-02-16 at 07:20 PM.
stevepusser is offline  
Old 06-30-16, 04:01 PM
  #29  
Ride On!
 
deapee's Avatar
 
Join Date: Apr 2016
Posts: 971

Bikes: Allez DSW SL Sprint | Fuji Cross

Mentioned: 6 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 227 Post(s)
Likes: 0
Liked 3 Times in 3 Posts
Originally Posted by indyfabz
Except he wasn't in an open field. He was riding on a trail in the forest and, according to another story I have read, likely startled the bear. They rarely attack for no reason. When you go into the woods in Glacier, which is right near where this attack happened, it's explained to you that you should always make noise while hiking so you don't surprise a bear, because that's when they can get hostile. The scenario likely didn't play out like a Dirty Harry movie, with the bear standing around while the rider says "Me and Smith & Wesson" as he slowly draws his firearm from his sport coat. He was probably set upon before he had a chance to piss his pants, much less reach for a weapon or even bear spray.
I have heard that you are supposed to make a lot of noise. That's why I keep a baseball card taped to my spokes.
deapee is offline  
Old 06-30-16, 04:29 PM
  #30  
afraid of whales
 
Mr IGH's Avatar
 
Join Date: Apr 2009
Location: Front Range, CO
Posts: 4,306
Mentioned: 6 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 347 Post(s)
Likes: 0
Liked 5 Times in 5 Posts
44mag and larger pistols are very effective against Grizzly Bears if you can get to it and fire accurately. There are many cases where humans have used them successfully. Around camp in a holster works well. Out on a mountain bike it's difficult to be ready. In the recent Glacier MTB killing if the riding partner had a pistol he could have saved his friend.

I never go out into the woods unarmed and I never camp unarmed. Colorado is becoming a mountain lion and bear paradise. The legal weed thing has flooded camp grounds with criminals who will think nothing of harming folks to get some money or goods to fence.

I have a Colorado concealed carry permit that allows me to carry in any National Park/Forest and reciprocity with ~35 states including the ones I like to visit.

Last edited by Mr IGH; 06-30-16 at 04:35 PM.
Mr IGH is offline  
Old 06-30-16, 04:37 PM
  #31  
Full Member
 
takenreasy's Avatar
 
Join Date: Apr 2009
Location: Richmond, VA
Posts: 435

Bikes: ’83 Bianchi Special ’96 Specialized Stump Jumper Comp ’09 Gary Fisher Paragon ’09 Surly Cross Check ’11 Surly Long Haul Trucker

Mentioned: 0 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 71 Post(s)
Liked 76 Times in 50 Posts
Originally Posted by BigAura
Touring with firearms = never

Touring with bear-spray in bear-country = yes

The likelihood of an encounter with a bear that would require either is minimal. Shooting a gun is a bad idea in a National Park and basically not allowed. If you shot a bear without being mauled first you'd probably end up being ridiculed by the entire world (like the guy who shot the lion). Using bear spray would be fine. Anyhow if you're gonna worry about anything you should worry about the real danger when bicycle touring CARS & TRUCKS!

On my trip to Alaska I used a bear canister (blue thing on top of rear rack in photo) and carried bear spray. I saw lots of bears but never touched the bear spray. The bears & I kept a good distance away from each other. RV's flew by me within inches

Your LHT set up looks similar to mine. What bars do you have on it?
takenreasy is offline  
Old 06-30-16, 04:37 PM
  #32  
 
BigAura's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: Chapin, SC
Posts: 3,423

Bikes: all steel stable: surly world troller, paris sport fixed, fuji ss

Mentioned: 10 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 623 Post(s)
Liked 55 Times in 33 Posts
Originally Posted by deapee
I don't know, for the right amount of money, I'd probably take anyone up on that.

Contestant A and myself -- at separate times -- in an open field with a hungry grizzly bear. Contestant A gets the pepper spray, and I get the handgun with 17 rounds in it (.40 cal).

I don't consider myself an expert in many things outside of work. I have probably put more rounds through a handgun than probably 99.999% of the population, however.
Your "game" would give too much tactical advantage to both humans, in that, they know the game but the bear doesn't. The only difference would be the bear would survive with Contestant A and be snuffed by you

Fair game: Both human contestants are blind-folded!

Last edited by BigAura; 06-30-16 at 04:49 PM.
BigAura is offline  
Old 06-30-16, 05:11 PM
  #33  
 
BigAura's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: Chapin, SC
Posts: 3,423

Bikes: all steel stable: surly world troller, paris sport fixed, fuji ss

Mentioned: 10 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 623 Post(s)
Liked 55 Times in 33 Posts
Originally Posted by takenreasy
Your LHT set up looks similar to mine. What bars do you have on it?
Nitto Northroads that are slightly cut at the ends
BigAura is offline  
Old 06-30-16, 06:22 PM
  #34  
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Jun 2014
Location: Ontario, Canada
Posts: 4,624

Bikes: iele Latina, Miele Suprema, Miele Uno LS, Miele Miele Beta, MMTB, Bianchi Model Unknown, Fiori Venezia, Fiori Napoli, VeloSport Adamas AX

Mentioned: 16 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 1324 Post(s)
Liked 927 Times in 640 Posts
Originally Posted by BigAura
Your "game" would give too much tactical advantage to both humans, in that, they know the game but the bear doesn't. The only difference would be the bear would survive with Contestant A and be snuffed by you

Fair game: Both human contestants are blind-folded!
Considering how fast a Grizzly can move and how angry the first hit from even a .40 cal pistol bullet would make it there's a good chance that both humans would end up dead. Putthose same two humans on a trail like happened to the ones in the case this thread is about and the odds of shooting the bear dead before it kills you are very slim since the range between humans and bear was so short at the time.

Cheers
Miele Man is offline  
Old 06-30-16, 07:07 PM
  #35  
Senior Member
 
saddlesores's Avatar
 
Join Date: Feb 2004
Location: Thailand..........Nakhon Nowhere
Posts: 3,657

Bikes: inferior steel....and....noodly aluminium

Mentioned: 24 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 1053 Post(s)
Liked 341 Times in 229 Posts
Originally Posted by deapee
I don't know, for the right amount of money, I'd probably take anyone up on that.

Contestant A and myself -- at separate times -- in an open field with a hungry grizzly bear. Contestant A gets the pepper spray, and I get the handgun with 17 rounds in it (.40 cal).

I don't consider myself an expert in many things outside of work. I have probably put more rounds through a handgun than probably 99.999% of the population, however.
i'd take that one! easy money!

adrenaline is a wonderful thing.
not so wonderful for precision targeting, though.

i'd take that bet, and double it.
betting with those 17 rounds and
a momma grizzly charging you,
you'd get exactly zero hits.
saddlesores is offline  
Old 06-30-16, 07:19 PM
  #36  
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Jul 2012
Location: Canada, PG BC
Posts: 3,849

Bikes: 27 speed ORYX with over 39,000Kms on it and another 14,000KMs with a BionX E-Assist on it

Mentioned: 3 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 1024 Post(s)
Liked 57 Times in 49 Posts
Originally Posted by saddlesores
i'd take that one! easy money!

adrenaline is a wonderful thing.
not so wonderful for precision targeting, though.

i'd take that bet, and double it.
betting with those 17 rounds and
a momma grizzly charging you,
you'd get exactly zero hits.

I suspect you would be right... And... In the event he did hit his target witch seems to be the grizzly's head... again, I would suspect the bullet would just "bounce" off. They have a very, very, thick angular skull... JMO
350htrr is offline  
Old 06-30-16, 07:22 PM
  #37  
 
BigAura's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: Chapin, SC
Posts: 3,423

Bikes: all steel stable: surly world troller, paris sport fixed, fuji ss

Mentioned: 10 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 623 Post(s)
Liked 55 Times in 33 Posts
Originally Posted by Miele Man
Considering how fast a Grizzly can move and how angry the first hit from even a .40 cal pistol bullet would make it there's a good chance that both humans would end up dead. Putthose same two humans on a trail like happened to the ones in the case this thread is about and the odds of shooting the bear dead before it kills you are very slim since the range between humans and bear was so short at the time.
Well I'm just an observer @deapee the one with the pistol. My guess is he bleeds out well before getting off his seventeenth shot. But who knows? Pay-per-view may be a sellout and he may end up with a big payday.

Contestant A may survive by just spinning around and spraying a fog soon as he hears the bear upon him and the bear retreats.

Last edited by BigAura; 07-03-16 at 05:13 AM. Reason: typo
BigAura is offline  
Old 06-30-16, 08:00 PM
  #38  
Senior Member
 
dksix's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jul 2015
Location: North East Tennessee
Posts: 1,616

Bikes: Basso Luguna, Fuji Nevada

Mentioned: 12 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 4261 Post(s)
Likes: 0
Liked 4 Times in 1 Post
Not touring but I was heading up into the mountains to do a couple weeks ago and this was the sign at the entrance of National Forest.

I didn't go on up into the mountains, rather just turned around and left. I wasn't carrying spray nor a pistol and didn't figured a shot in the face from my water bottle would work.
dksix is offline  
Old 06-30-16, 08:30 PM
  #39  
Senior Member
Thread Starter
 
AdvXtrm's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jun 2016
Location: S/W U.S.
Posts: 806

Bikes: 2016 Novara - Safari

Mentioned: 6 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 384 Post(s)
Likes: 0
Liked 0 Times in 0 Posts
Originally Posted by roadfix
That bear kept mauling after being shot point blank in The Revenant.

I was at another campground about 3 miles away just this last weekend when another camper was attacked while in his tent at Millard Campground just a few miles north of L.A.
Bear attack closes campground near Altadena | 89.3 KPCC
Here's your real culprit, "the man was in his tent, looking at his iPad...". OK, now tongue-in-cheek aside, I don't agree with killing the bear. It sounds like the guy likely had food in his tent, an unintended injury was caused by the bear, and the bear ran off as soon as it realized the situation.
AdvXtrm is offline  
Old 06-30-16, 09:29 PM
  #40  
40 yrs bike touring
 
Join Date: Jun 2005
Location: Santa Barbara,CA.
Posts: 1,021

Bikes: Bruce Gordon Ti Rock N Road [1989], Fat Chance Mountain Tandem [1988], Velo Orange Neutrino (2020)

Mentioned: 0 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 14 Post(s)
Likes: 0
Liked 6 Times in 5 Posts
I lived in NW Montana for several years. My isolated log cabin was adjacent to the Cabinet Wilderness. Disruptive grizzlies from Yellowstone and Glacier NPs were released into that wilderness during those years. Whenever hiking, backpacking, mountain biking, kayaking or fishing, "situational awareness" about your surroundings was just what you did every moment. Sometimes you could even smell that a grizzly had been close recently. I carried no firearms and bear spray had not been invented or at least not commercially available.
I survived without incident using many of the safety techniques listed by other posters previously. In talking to an elder of the Blackfoot Tribe he suggested urinating around your wild camp site to alert bears that humans are around. I still did that in bear country during the Divide Ride in Canada, Montana, Idaho and Wyoming. I have no evidence that it works or doesn't work. Although my brother uses sponges soaked in ammonia around his campsites and it keeps black bears away in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California.

On a 30 day kayak circumnavigation of Glacier Bay NP in Alaska, the rules required the use of bear proof barrels for food. They worked well since I cooked and stored the food 100 yards from where I camped. I urinated at my tent corners and each night four to six Alaskan Brown bears made the ground shake as they passed through camp each night but stayed away from my tent. Not quite a scientific study.

Each time a rare bear attack hits the news, firearms as the magical solution appears in these and other forums. I recommend viewing "The Revenant" movie to get a sense of the speed of a grizzly attack and the damage that will be done quickly.

Even trained law enforcement officers only hit their intended target 18% of the time in a life threatening situation. I grew up with guns and was taught well. Later FBI training honed those skills. In law enforcement I saw people die because they thought their target shooting numbers would be the same in a life or death event. Leading with your Ego and thinking you are the top predator in Grizzly country is a formula for painful lessons if you survive.
arctos is offline  
Old 07-01-16, 06:23 AM
  #41  
 
BigAura's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: Chapin, SC
Posts: 3,423

Bikes: all steel stable: surly world troller, paris sport fixed, fuji ss

Mentioned: 10 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 623 Post(s)
Liked 55 Times in 33 Posts
Originally Posted by arctos
I lived in NW Montana for several years. My isolated log cabin was adjacent to the Cabinet Wilderness. Disruptive grizzlies from Yellowstone and Glacier NPs were released into that wilderness during those years. Whenever hiking, backpacking, mountain biking, kayaking or fishing, "situational awareness" about your surroundings was just what you did every moment. Sometimes you could even smell that a grizzly had been close recently. I carried no firearms and bear spray had not been invented or at least not commercially available.
I survived without incident using many of the safety techniques listed by other posters previously. In talking to an elder of the Blackfoot Tribe he suggested urinating around your wild camp site to alert bears that humans are around. I still did that in bear country during the Divide Ride in Canada, Montana, Idaho and Wyoming. I have no evidence that it works or doesn't work. Although my brother uses sponges soaked in ammonia around his campsites and it keeps black bears away in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California.

On a 30 day kayak circumnavigation of Glacier Bay NP in Alaska, the rules required the use of bear proof barrels for food. They worked well since I cooked and stored the food 100 yards from where I camped. I urinated at my tent corners and each night four to six Alaskan Brown bears made the ground shake as they passed through camp each night but stayed away from my tent. Not quite a scientific study.

Each time a rare bear attack hits the news, firearms as the magical solution appears in these and other forums. I recommend viewing "The Revenant" movie to get a sense of the speed of a grizzly attack and the damage that will be done quickly.

Even trained law enforcement officers only hit their intended target 18% of the time in a life threatening situation. I grew up with guns and was taught well. Later FBI training honed those skills. In law enforcement I saw people die because they thought their target shooting numbers would be the same in a life or death event. Leading with your Ego and thinking you are the top predator in Grizzly country is a formula for painful lessons if you survive.
+1 Well stated.

As a 15yo backpacker, hiking in Upstate NY (black bear country), I was told by an old-timer about urinating around your tent. Since it seems to work I still do it to this day (I'm 63). If nothing else, believing in it is comforting.

Last edited by BigAura; 07-01-16 at 06:36 AM.
BigAura is offline  
Old 07-01-16, 10:34 AM
  #42  
-
 
seeker333's Avatar
 
Join Date: Feb 2004
Posts: 3,865

Bikes: yes!

Mentioned: 5 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 282 Post(s)
Liked 38 Times in 36 Posts
"there was seemingly nothing that former park ranger and longtime U.S. Forest Service law enforcement officer Brad Treat could do when he surprised the bear while riding his mountain bike along a trail in that forest minutes from his home"

https://www.wral.com/man-killed-by-be...ence/15820477/
seeker333 is offline  
Old 07-01-16, 01:22 PM
  #43  
Senior Member
 
robow's Avatar
 
Join Date: Aug 2005
Posts: 3,872
Mentioned: 14 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 598 Post(s)
Liked 283 Times in 194 Posts
What Are Your "Grizzly / Wildlife" Precautions?

I always make sure I'm touring with slower riders.
robow is offline  
Old 07-01-16, 01:46 PM
  #44  
Member
 
Join Date: Dec 2004
Posts: 2,013
Mentioned: 4 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 287 Post(s)
Liked 120 Times in 88 Posts
Originally Posted by AdvXtrm
Here's your real culprit, "the man was in his tent, looking at his iPad...". OK, now tongue-in-cheek aside, I don't agree with killing the bear. It sounds like the guy likely had food in his tent, an unintended injury was caused by the bear, and the bear ran off as soon as it realized the situation.
Your speculation that "the guy likely had food in this tent" appears to be wrong. Here's a followup article:

Bear that attacked camper in Angeles National Forest has been euthanized | 89.3 KPCC

"[California Department of Fish and Wildlife spokesman Andrew] Hughan said it was still unclear exactly what drew the bear to the tent. He said it was likely that the bear smelled something, but there was no evidence to indicate the man had food in his tent."
axolotl is offline  
Old 07-01-16, 04:57 PM
  #45  
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Mar 2007
Location: Vermont
Posts: 747
Mentioned: 0 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 6 Post(s)
Likes: 0
Liked 1 Time in 1 Post
Originally Posted by robow
What Are Your "Grizzly / Wildlife" Precautions?

I always make sure I'm touring with slower riders.
Best advise ever!
VT_Speed_TR is offline  
Old 07-02-16, 07:25 PM
  #46  
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Feb 2012
Posts: 794
Mentioned: 1 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 72 Post(s)
Liked 13 Times in 11 Posts
Originally Posted by Mr IGH
44mag and larger pistols are very effective against Grizzly Bears if you can get to it and fire accurately.
... .
There's an interesting article here about big handguns as bear defense: How to Pick the Right Sidearm for Backup Bear Protection | Outdoor Life

The writer doesn't agree.
stevepusser is offline  
Old 07-02-16, 07:31 PM
  #47  
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Feb 2012
Posts: 794
Mentioned: 1 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 72 Post(s)
Liked 13 Times in 11 Posts
Originally Posted by axolotl
Your speculation that "the guy likely had food in this tent" appears to be wrong. Here's a followup article:

Bear that attacked camper in Angeles National Forest has been euthanized | 89.3 KPCC

"[California Department of Fish and Wildlife spokesman Andrew] Hughan said it was still unclear exactly what drew the bear to the tent. He said it was likely that the bear smelled something, but there was no evidence to indicate the man had food in his tent."
Absence of evidence ain't evidence of absence. I don't know if the campground rules prohibited having food in the tent or where it could attract bears, but the attackee could certainly have removed it before authorities arrived.
stevepusser is offline  
Old 07-02-16, 09:00 PM
  #48  
Member
 
Join Date: Dec 2004
Posts: 2,013
Mentioned: 4 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 287 Post(s)
Liked 120 Times in 88 Posts
Originally Posted by stevepusser
Absence of evidence ain't evidence of absence. I don't know if the campground rules prohibited having food in the tent or where it could attract bears, but the attackee could certainly have removed it before authorities arrived.
Sorry, but the California Department of Fish and Wildlife has more credibility than the baseless speculation posted by AdvXtrm, or your baseless speculation that food was removed. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife had access to the campsite and the victim. Nobody on this forum had access to anything whatsoever.
axolotl is offline  
Old 07-02-16, 10:11 PM
  #49  
Senior Member
 
KD5NRH's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jul 2010
Location: Stephenville TX
Posts: 3,697

Bikes: 2010 Trek 7100

Mentioned: 6 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 697 Post(s)
Likes: 0
Liked 3 Times in 3 Posts
Originally Posted by BigAura
On my trip to Alaska I used a bear canister
Like you could get a bear in there without getting mauled first. And what would you do if you ran across a second bear after your canister was full?
KD5NRH is offline  
Old 07-02-16, 10:31 PM
  #50  
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Jun 2015
Location: Down Under
Posts: 1,936

Bikes: A steel framed 26" off road tourer from a manufacturer who thinks they are cool. Giant Anthem. Trek 720 Multiroad pub bike. 10 kids bikes all under 20". Assorted waifs and unfinished projects.

Mentioned: 11 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 1188 Post(s)
Liked 1,154 Times in 640 Posts
Bear country? Bear spray in a quick draw holster on the handlebars. Extra holster on the belt for when walking. Bear bell on my shoe laces, so it jingles all the time when riding or walking. Ursack and odour proof bags for food. Usual 200ft separation between food, cooking, tent. No camping on shores or beaches where bears tend to wander along looking for things that wash up. Paranoia at all times.
Trevtassie is offline  


Contact Us - Archive - Advertising - Cookie Policy - Privacy Statement - Terms of Service -

Copyright © 2024 MH Sub I, LLC dba Internet Brands. All rights reserved. Use of this site indicates your consent to the Terms of Use.