Frank Berto's The Dancing Chain will provide a nice timeline for derailleurs.
I don't know of anything for other components but I believe Stronglight came out with a cotterless aluminum crank in 1933.
Ambrosio, Fiamme and Mavic were some of the first to introduce aluminum rims, stems and bars in the early 30s. C.A.R.-Vega introduced an aluminum hub at the same time. FB had a 3-piece hub at the same time.