In the bearing world you'll rarely, if ever see
"cartridge" bearings.
They're all (almost) cartridge bearings as we use the term in the bike world. So the bearing folks just call them
bearings or ball, needle or roller bearings, etc. then add a descriptive such as sealed (on one or both sides) or shielded, or whatever describes the feature that sets them apart.
So when speaking to bike people, you can feel free to call bearings sealed or cartridge, because your listener will know you mean those that aren't the old cup/cone bearings that were fixtures in bikes throughout the last century.