Even pros, after a major race series, say Le Tour de France, take quite some time to recover, perhaps weeks until they are one again at the top of their game. They do have specific recovery practices, such as proper nutrition before and after races, plus massage. Evidently you went well past your ability to recover.
Recovery for Performance in Sport - There is a good bit of free info on recovery tactics but you can see from the chapter headings in the book linked to, how many areas are effected by strenuous exercise. You are probably at a point in your development as a cyclist that you need to pay attention to those effects.