Schraeders have a removable core, so if your vavle is broken, you don
t have to replace the entire tube. Schraeder is also the standard for cars, and is the most common valve type worldwide...you can even find bike tubes in small towns in the middle of nowhere.
Presta, ont he other hand, was specifically designed for bikes. It's narrower, which allows it to fit on thinner rims than a schraeder vavle. The downside is you have to screw that nut down after inflation, and you either have to carry a presta pump, or get a schraeder adaptor.
I have bikes with both. I see no real advantage outside of allowing you to use thinner rims. The bike I have presta on has disc brake rims, which have an extremely thin profile.