cooker

This has been covered to death - did you even do a search?

pharasz

This is a great thread - I'm so tired of asking about "which bike" or "which pannier"! But I myself have learned wonderful things here. Like adding wet wipes to the tool bag to clean up after changing a tire - that has already paid off. But the biggest one was the guys that were posting videos of their rides here. I went with that idea and it already paid off: https://www.bikeforums.net/showthread...off-on-Day-one

Seattle Forrest

... but especially other cyclists who aren't riding in an approved fashion. If you were running for mayor of A&S you'd also have to denounce lycra.

unterhausen

Please report the surveys, there is a survey forum and generally those threads are pretty pointless. And the people that post surveys never, ever follow the rules.

cyclokitty 

I love your dog and your dog basket set up.

Some commuting topics are ageless. I especially enjoy the cager rants, so much so I participate every chance I get.

slcbob

Cats & dogs, living together, what is this coming to? Time to elect a new mayor.

BTW, I dashed off my first post a bit casually and poorly worded. I have nothing against the regular topics, in fact getting a good read and chuckle on them plus cataloging the trends of them was my whole point. But I do have a predilection against both lazy inquiries and arrogant replies, and I see how I cross-threaded that in my intro (perhaps even taking the forefront) with the intended recurring thread celebration. There's always 10% on either fringe, but let's wallow joyously in the middle 80%.

- how much faster will I go with a rigid fork?

AdamDZ

There is one more type of frequent posts: posts that are complaining about repetitive, frequent posts

If it bothers ya, skip them. You have no legal or moral obligations to answer them, or even read them. You can also try the revolutionary new therapy: spend more time away from your computer, like, um... riding your bike Don't limit yourself to commute rides. Do some errands, some light shopping, try doing your laundry with a bike, do some random rides around the neighborhood, weekend rides, etc. Bicycle commuting is often the first step to going car-lite or even car-free. You may even find yourself having questions. Pop into the Utility Cycling and Living Car Free forums.

If everything else fails, entertain yourself by visiting the Road Cycling forum

slcbob

^ do you mean or ?

Time to go ride / work / ride.

Road forums -- heck no! It's all bikers are druggies and Lance is Satan / God.

CptjohnC

When I attempted this, I got chain lube and road grime all over my wife's delicates when I attempted to agitate the water using my rear wheel. I also found some of my bike's steel parts got a bit rusty from the prolonged immersion. Of course, now I'm afraid she'll never give me permission try again. Do you think I should just assert that I wear the pants in this family, and she has to let me do the laundry with my bike? Or would it be better to give in, and let her go back to using the washing machine? Or perhaps there's some compromise, like buying her more clothes, and only washing mine with the bike...

paul2432

What is funny is that if someone does use the search, and asks a question in an old thread, then you get all the complaints about resurrecting old threads.

Paul

AdamDZ

You probably missed some crucial part of the process

AdamDZ

So true!

CbadRider

Ass is not a censored word.

Wanderer

Unhelpful people should choose to use the "back" button; or, not open the thread at all. Whiners!

CptjohnC

Sounds like its time to check in at the domestics forum... or is that Domestique?

o0adam0o

Ha! Couldnt of said it better myself. Theres an answer to everything if you google... however sometimes it is reassuring to be personally answered by someone and ask followup questions.


Ive been using forums for 10yrs now (not saying its a long time, just sayin.)... forums for PCs.. Cars.. Bikes... etc.. and this is always a problem and ive concluded it will never have a solution. So it boils down to 2 options.. 1) Ignore the question if you think he should google or 2) Answer it. Or do the annoying option 3 and humiliate the poster for not searching... this imho has never, in the entire history of the internets (yeah i said internetS), helped one bit.

2c

fredgarvin7

I would love an "All rants all the time" thread."

CCrew

Priceless! Great response

mrleft2000

What would you rather have people do, resurrect 8 page long, 4 year old threads? Especially when the new asker is on the final or perhaps 3 pages from the final and the OP has long left this forum?

Who would bother wading through such long posts to get to the fresh question/situation to respond to? If your concerned about the best way to organize and not waste the time of helpful people on the forum, starting new threads is the best way. Otherwise for every 10, 15, 20+ page thread that gets resurrected, all the old posts get reread. Remember, every first post has to be read by everyone who reads the thread.

rex_kramer

Odd-toed ungulate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Perissodactyla)
Jump to: navigation, search
Odd-toed ungulates
Fossil range: 56–0 Ma
PreЄ
Є
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
?Late Paleocene - Recent
Horse hoof
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Order: Perissodactyla
Owen, 1848
Families[1]

* Equidae
* Tapiridae
* Rhinocerotidae
* †Lambdotheriidae
* †Brontotheriidae
* †Palaeotheriidae
* †Isectolophidae
* †Pachynolophidae
* †Chalicotheriidae
* †Lophiodontidae
* †Lophialetidae
* †Helaletidae
* †Deperetellidae
* †Hyrachyidae
* †Hyracodontidae
* †Rhodopagidae
* †Amynodontidae

The odd-toed ungulates are browsing and grazing mammals such as horses, tapirs and rhinoceroses whose hooves each feature an odd number of toes. The middle toe on each hoof is also usually larger than its neighbors. Together, odd-toed ungulates form the order Perissodactyla (perissos abundant/excessive + daktulos toes).

They are relatively large and, unlike the ruminant even-toed ungulates (artiodactyls), they have relatively simple stomachs. This is because they are hindgut fermenters, digesting plant cellulose in their intestines rather than in one or more stomachs.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Evolution
* 2 Taxonomy
* 3 Characteristics
* 4 Social structures
* 5 Mating and reproduction
* 6 Humans and conservation
o 6.1 Domestication
o 6.2 Conservation
* 7 Etymology
* 8 See also
* 9 Notes
* 10 References

[edit] Evolution
Homogalax tapirinus skull.

Although no certain records are known prior to the early Eocene, the odd-toed ungulates probably[citation needed] arose in what is now Asia during the late Paleocene, less than 10 million years after the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event. By the start of the Eocene (55 million years ago) they had diversified and spread out to occupy several continents. The horses and tapirs both evolved in North America;[2] the rhinoceroses appear to have developed in Asia from tapir-like animals and then recolonised the Americas during the middle Eocene (about 45 million years ago). There were approximately 15 families, of which only three survive (McKenna and Bell, 1997; Hooker, 2005). These families were very diverse in form and size; they included the enormous brontotheres and the bizarre chalicotheres. The largest perissodactyl, an Asian rhinoceros called Paraceratherium, reached 12 short tons (11 t), more than twice the weight of an elephant.

Perissodactyls were the dominant group of large terrestrial browsers right through the Oligocene. However, the rise of grasses in the Miocene (about 20 million years ago) saw a major change: the even-toed ungulates with their more complex stomachs were better able to adapt to a coarse, low-nutrition diet, and soon rose to prominence. Nevertheless, many odd-toed species survived and prospered until the late Pleistocene (about 10,000 years ago) when they faced the pressure of human hunting and habitat change.
[edit] Taxonomy

The members of the order fall into two suborders:

* Hippomorpha are odd-toed ungulates that are, today, fast runners with long legs and have only one toe. The only extant family of this suborder is Equidae (whose sole surviving genus is Equus), comprising the horse, zebra, donkey, onager, and allied species. The extinct, rhinoceros-like brontotheres are also included in this suborder. Both families probably descended from palaeotheres.
* Ceratomorpha have several functional toes; they are heavier than and move more slowly than the Hippomorpha. This suborder has two extant families: Tapiridae (tapirs) and Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses). The extinct chalicotheres may belong to this suborder as well.

The three surviving families of odd-toed ungulate are classified as follows.

* ORDER PERISSODACTYLA
o Suborder Hippomorpha
+ Family Equidae: horses and allies, ten species in one genus
# Wild horse, Equus ferus
* Przewalski's Horse, Equus ferus przewalskii
* Domestic Horse, Equus ferus caballus
# African Wild Ass Equus africanus
# Onager or Asiatic Ass, Equus hemionus
# Kiang or Tibetan Wild Ass, Equus kiang
# Plains Zebra, Equus quagga
# Mountain Zebra, Equus zebra
* Cape Mountain Zebra, Equus zebra zebra
* Hartmann's Mountain Zebra, Equus zebra hartmannae
# Grevy's Zebra, Equus grevyi
o Suborder Ceratomorpha
+ Family Tapiridae: tapirs, five species in one genus
# Brazilian Tapir, Tapirus terrestris
# Mountain Tapir, Tapirus pinchaque
# Baird's Tapir, Tapirus bairdii
# Malayan Tapir, Tapirus indicus
# Black Dwarf Lowland Tapir, Tapirus pygmaeus (validity questionable)
+ Family Rhinocerotidae: rhinoceroses, five species in four genera
# Black Rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis
# White Rhinoceros, Ceratotherium simum
# Indian Rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis
# Javan Rhinoceros, Rhinoceros sondaicus
# Sumatran Rhinoceros, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis

It was thought that odd-toed ungulates are closely related to even-toed ungulates. But recent molecular comparisons show that even-toed and odd-toed ungulates may not form a clade. Instead, perissodactyls may be more closely related to carnivorans, bats and pangolins (and, by default, the Creodonts and Cimolestids). So, some biologists group the orders Perissodactyla, Carnivora, Chiroptera, Pholidota, Creodonta, and Cimolesta as the clade Pegasoferae (Nishihara et al., 2006; see Matthee et al., 2007 and Springer et al., 2007 for alternate views).
[edit] Characteristics
The tapir hooves

The living perissodactyls are a diverse group, with no generalized appearance. At one extreme are the lithe and graceful horses; on another, the huge, tank-like rhinoceroses; and in the middle, the vaguely pig-like tapirs. All extant perissodactyls are large, from the 180-kg Mountain Tapir to the 2,273-kg White Rhinoceros.

Extinct perissodactyls possessed a far more diverse range of forms, too, including the tiny, vaguely tapir-like paleotheres, the monstrous brontotheres, the knuckle-walking chalicotheres, and the gigantic rhinoceros Indricotherium, which dwarfed even elephants.

However, all perissodactyls, extinct and extant, have a mesaxonic foot structure. In other words, the symmetry of the foot passes through the third digit. This means that this digit holds the animal's weight. In equines, the mesaxonic foot has been modified so that the non-weight bearing digits have atrophied away, while the third toe has enlarged, so that modern equines have only one toe. Also, all perissodactyls are hindgut fermenters. Hindgut fermenters, in contrast to the ruminants, store digested food which has left the stomach in a pouch-like extension of the large intestine called the caecum (literally "cave"), where the food is digested by bacteria.
[edit] Social structures

Today, the equines are the only social perissodactyls still extant. Horses organize themselves into small bands with a dominant mare at the top of the pecking order, as well as a resident stallion. Several bands will share a common territory, with some members of one band joining another band, every so often. These bands, in turn, form a herd.

Huge fossil beds made of the bones of hundreds or thousands of individuals suggest that many of the larger brontothere species were social animals at least some of the time. Some prehistoric rhinoceroses, such as Diceratherium, were also social animals which organized themselves into herds. However, modern-day rhinoceroses are solitary animals which maintain territories, often attacking members of their own species when their space has been invaded. Tapirs, too, are solitary animals, though they are shy, retiring creatures which do not defend or maintain territories.
[edit] Mating and reproduction
A tapir calf

As with the males of many other animal groups, male perissodactyls often spar with each other for the privilege to mate with receptive females. A male which has found a female will attempt to taste her urine to see if she is in estrus. The female may also signal that she is in estrus, such as the whistling of cow Indian rhinoceroses and tapirs. Perissodactyls tend to have one foal or calf at a time. Very rarely, the female may have twins. Gestation is very long, from about 11 months in horses to 16 months for rhinoceroses. The calf or foal is capable of standing within moments of birth, but is very dependent on its mother. The young stays with its mother even after weaned, usually until it is chased off by the mother upon the birth of a new foal or calf. At this time, in horses, the foal will enter into the herd proper, later, young stallions are often chased off and join bachelor herds. With rhinos and tapirs, the newly weaned calf wanders away to search for new feeding grounds.
[edit] Humans and conservation
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this section if you can. The talk page may contain suggestions. (May 2007)
[edit] Domestication

Humans have a historically long interaction with perissodactyls. The wild ass was the first equid to be domesticated,around 5000 BC in Egypt. Horses were domesticated 1000 years later. The zebroid, that is, a zebra hybrid, began appearing in zoos and menageries during the 19th century. During the 16th century, the Spaniards brought horses with them, and inadvertently reintroduced horses back into North America. While no rhinoceros has been domesticated, they have been captured for zoos and menageries since ancient times.
[edit] Conservation
The Przewalski's horse, one of the most endangered equids

The odd-toed ungulates have been among the most important herbivorous mammals, at times, they have been the dominant herbivores in many ecosystems. However, over the course of millions of years, many species went extinct due to climatic change, newer, coarser-leaved plants, predators, disease, and competition from other herbivores, particularly the artiodactyls. The Chalicotheriidae was the most recent family of perissodactyl to become entirely extinct. The perissodactyls' decline continues even today. Most species are listed as threatened species, and although no species are confirmed to be extinct, some subspecies have gone extinct. The quagga was hunted for its meat, the tarpan were hunted for sport, and a subspecies of Black Rhinoceros was hunted for its horn (as with all other African rhinoceros species).

Perissodactyls tend to do well in captivity, and there are many breeding programs in place to help replenish wild populations. The Przewalski's horse has been recently released back to the wild. Some of the captive breeding programs for some equids are unusual, in that breeders have been carefully selecting specimens to recreate various recently extinct equids, such as the Tarpan and Quagga. Most wild rhinoceroses are monitored, and some have their horns trimmed off to discourage horn-poachers. Even so, if conservations do not improve, it may very well be that the only living perissodactyls left will be the domesticated horse and donkey.

Two recently extinct equids

The quagga became extinct in 1883


The Tarpan went extinct, due to sport hunting.
[edit] Etymology

Perissodactyl is Greek from περισσός, perissós, "uneven", and δάκτυλος, dáktylos, "finger/toe", so the name is a transliteration of the description odd-toed.[3]
[edit] See also

* Artiodactyla

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Hooker, 2005, p. 206.
2. ^ Savage, RJG, & Long, MR (1986). Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-1194-X. OCLC 12949777.
3. ^ American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 3rd edition, 1992, p. 1348

[edit] References
Wikispecies has information related to: Perissodactyla
The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a page on the topic of
Perissodactyla

* Hooker, J.J. (2005). "Perissodactyla"; pp. 199-214 in K. D. Rose and J. D. Archibald (eds.), The Rise of Placental Mammals, Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. ISBN 080188022X
* Matthee, Conrad A.; Eick, Geeta; et al. (2007). "Indel evolution of mammalian introns and the utility of non-coding nuclear markers in eutherian phylogenetics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42 (3): 827–837. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.002. PMID 17101283.
* McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231110138. OCLC 37345734.
* Nishihara, H.; Hasegawa, M.; Okada, N. (2006). "Pegasoferae, an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions". PNAS 103 (26): 9929–9934. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603797103. PMID 16785431.
* Springer, M. S.; et al. (2007). "The adequacy of morphology for reconstructing the early history of placental mammals". Systematic Biology 56 (4): 673–684. doi:10.1080/10635150701491149. PMID 17661234.