Your commute and work environment sound very similar to mine except I have access to lockers and I'm not new at my workplace. Locker or not, you still need the clothes to dry by the time you get off work.

I'd focus on materials that are light and wick well. If your clothing allows for evaporation, there is less sweat once you get to work and they'll dry more quickly. Also, you need material that tends not to smell. For me it's merino wool; you might find there's another solution, but merino wool has worked very well for me.

Also, I use a synthetic chamois instead of a towel. The one I use is small, about the size of a typical wash cloth, so I have to wring it out a couple of times before I am done, but for that trouble it dries quickly and takes up almost no space. Those two advantages are key for me.

I hang my stuff all over my cube, taking each item down once it's dry. Folks where I work have gotten used to it. And I can assure you, if there was a smell I'd hear about it. No one has ever complained.