There is cleaning to make sure you aren't shortening the life of components/making sure the bike is safe to ride, and there is OCD cleaning that takes the whole damn day to clean out your cassette. I tend towards the former option. I usually go over the tires after every ride and pick out glass and rocks and pump them up if I am going riding again soon (takes about 5 mins), then wipe down the drive train and add a little lube. More infrequently I put some time into cleaning the frame, really getting the drive train free of gunk, and other cleaning tasks, which takes about an hour or so.
I really don't think I spend all that much time cleaning my bike, and yet I am constantly passing people who clearly never even bother with basic maintenance...pro tip: If I can hear your drive train from a quarter mile away, it needs some work pronto.