I've found V-brakes allow the rim to ice up easier because of the amount of clearance between the pads and the rim.
well actually, they all ice, but the ice with the V-brake setup is thicker and harder to clear.
cantis and calipers naturally have the pads closer to the rim, making the ice build up thinner and easier to clear.

All of them offer the same stopping power when setup correctly, even with the same amount of dirt, ice and snow thrown onto them. Cantis are a bit harder to setup and are often setup incorrectly, leading to poor performance.