You can do that pretty well with a Schlumpf High Speed Drive. It has a 2.5:1 ratio between its high and low speeds so even with a wide range rear cassette you get only a little overlap between the ranges.

If you put a big jump in the middle of the rear cassette you can do something like that with a Dual Drive setup too. You treat the group of smaller rear cogs separately from the group of larger cogs. I currently have my Dahon set up this way. Conceptually you would start in the biggest rear cog and the lowest hub range, shift up through the large cogs, then double shift the derailleur and hub to get to the bottom of the cassette again and the middle range on the hub, and then continue this pattern, switching to the small group of cogs when you top out the bottom set and the high range on the hub. I got that set up in the late spring and then a accident on my other bike has me sidelined, waiting for some ribs to heal. So I don't have any road experience with this setup. Test riding on a trainer said that while you could shift a big jump in the rear cassette fairly well, when the chain was on the small cog side of that jump it wants to clang against the much bigger cog right next to it. Pretty annoying. So I compromised the shifting pattern, accepted more overlap between gears, and put a transition cog in the gap to reduce that, maybe eliminate it. I think I will be ready to resume riding about the first of June so I will start to gather some road data about then.

It might really appeal to some riders if it works well. For me it was an appealing exercise in tinkering with the bike. If it works, great!, if not it is not hard to put it back the way it was. Or try some other goofball idea....

Ken