Galvanic corrosion. Dissimilar metals in contact in the presence of an electrolyte (water).
The question that comes to mind is why haven't I seen this more consistently on other old hubs. I live in a city flooded with salt every winter and I have rarely seen a hub come apart looking like that. I do like the idea of a caustic solution, used for cleaning, not having been thoroughly flushed after wards.
Would I use the hub? I doubt it but that is just me. Will a failure prove to be catastrophic? Probably not but my guess is failure will occur, sooner or later. Just an opinion.