Now that I reread your original post, I think it'll narrow down really quickly to SPD-compatible shoes like the others have been talking about. This doesn't necessarily mean Shimano SPD, but just any two-bolt system like Crank Brothers, Time, and some others (I think Bebop and Speedplay will be able to work, too).

Shoe-wise, this means you can pick anything. Even stiff-soled MTB shoes will give you almost all the benefits of dedicated road shoes.

So, that leaves pedals. Some people like dual-purpose pedals with a clip on one side and platform on the other, but others don't; the naysayers don't like how they still have to flip the pedal the right way to use whichever side they need. Then there are big platforms with clips on both sides, like Crank Brothers Mallets, a couple models from both Shimano and Time, etc. I like these because they're easy to pedal whether I'm clipped in or not and whether I'm wearing bike shoes or not.

Then again, I've ridden short distances on my road pedals in regular shoes...