You should be OK with your new gearing. Your triple had a slightly lower climbing range, but the difference is about 3%. This means that your crank will be turning 3% slower while you climb, if you are at all fit, it's meaningless.

Be sure the new bike is well adjusted and fits well, the new bike should not feel more punishing.

You cannot put a different cassette with a larger rear cog than 30 on your bike without changing the rear derailleur. Shimano's official maximum cog size in 28, but 30 fits.

If you wanted to install a long cage MTB rear derailleur, you could install a 11-32 Sram Apex ten speed cassette. This will give you a bigger range than your triple.