I hope this doesn't come off as being a jerk or anything, I mean it in a helpful way:
- Tires are the thick rubber tread on your wheel.
- Inner tubes are the things with nipples (valves) that go inside the tire and inflate with air.
- Rims are the metal hoops that make up the structure of your wheel.
- The tires typically have a metal bead (wire) that hooks into the rim and is locked in place by the pressure in the tube.
- Spokes are the thin metal rods that go from the hub to the rim.
- (Spoke) nipples are the things at the end of each spoke, where they meet the rim, they are used to adjust the tension in each spoke so the rims stay round.
- Valves come in two styles, Presta and Schraeder.
- Schraeder valves are the same as car tire valves
- Presta valves need to be unscrewed and pressed down on to let air in or out
- Hubs are the things in the middle of your wheel, they spin around an axle.
- Bearings connect the hub to the axle and allow it to spin.