Well all bets are off now. That little factoid is a game changer. There's a whole lot of things that could have occurred here. Question, if you were already in pain, why go home and do a "bunch" of pushups and dips? You should have iced your elbow right away and rested it.

I relate big time to the discipline of working out, but that was a little reckless considering. Train your core and legs for a few days and let your upper body rest so you can sort this out. Right now we don't know if it's the fit on your bike or your workout that is the cause.