The questions that you are asking are the same ones that ALL of us had when we began. Some of them can be answered by reading (if you are good at visualizing), others might need photos to help. But there's nothing like 1) trial & error and 2) having someone actually show you.

Here are a couple suggestions:

*Some bike shops or outdoor gear stores (like REI) offer classes. Check your area for offerings.
*The League of American Bicyclists has developed education courses (http://www.bikeleague.org/programs/e...on/courses.php), some of which include basic stuff. Many local bicycle clubs or shops offer these courses. Please consider taking one! It'll not only help you with the mechanical operation & maintenance of your bike, you learn some excellent handling skills that'll help you be a better and safer rider.