If the wheel was damaged as a result of a road hazard that should have been fixed by the responsible municipality/county/state, then you might be able to get reimbursed by that agency. For example, locally we recently had a bridge where the road had settled on the approach leaving a sharp step that was hard to see. Several bicycle wheels were broken as a result before the road was repaired and the cyclists were paid for the damage. The same would apply to car damage that is a direct result of improper road maintenance.

As others have mentioned, home owners or renters insurance in the US generally covers cyclists for liability claims against them for damages they cause to others. And it frequently covers some bicycle theft and accident damage to the bicycle as well although that would be subject to deductible amounts and might be pretty limited in terms of bike value unless you have a specific rider added to the policy. Best to check with your insurance carrier and have them document your coverage.