In the UK we have several such styles of roadbike called Audax, light touring, winter training.
They generally share useful features such as:
lower gearing, usually a compact double
Rack and fender eyelets
Generous tyre clearance, often with long-drop caliper brakes to fit 28mm tyres+fenders.
Steering geometry and chainstay length vary but the bikes are generally longer and more stable than racers but not as heavy or long as a full touring bike. Frames are made from racing-grade materials.

In the US, similar models are Surley Pacer, Soma ES, IF Club Racer, Gunnar Sport. These are all steel but UK models include aluminium, carbon and titanium.