No.
The reason is that bike companies are really just marketing companies. They don't make anything any more. Some still design their own frames, but with the exception of Giant, nobody makes their own frames and forks. (Giant make bikes for almost everyone.)
Most bike companies have been reduced to design studios where the most thought goes into the color and decals on next year's model. And the ever important marketing plan. As for the rest, they simply choose off-the-shelf frames, forks, components, and parts, then have someone in China or Taiwan put them all in a box.
At the high end (above $7,000), things change, and the brands particpating in the market change, but at the low end where you and most of us look, that's the story.
That's not to say there aren't differences between models as MRT2 points out. But those are choices in selecting parts that get put into the box, not differences in design or quality of manufacture.
As for brand cachet, again, until you're into custom handbuilt territory or above $7,000 in mass-produced bikes, there ain't none.
This is why we emphasize fit, ride quality, and dealer interaction higher than brand name. Brand name alone does not ensure you'll get any of those things.