Not sure, whatever my LBS carries. Rubena? Your basic cheap butyl tube. Been patched 4x before, which probably doesn't matter.
I don't know how long the piece of glass had been in there. Perhaps if I inspected my tires regularly it would help. But this time of year, it is usually dark and raining when I ride, so my motivation to fuss with a dirty, wet bike is low.
I hear you, my commuter gets pretty neglected in the colder months as well. I usually take a quick look at my tires when it is on the stand for whatever reason. Inevitably, I will pick out 8-10 bits of glass that are imbeded in the rubber.