I don't know how it is on modern hubs, but on my 50 year old Sturmey SA hubs, I have the following degrees of freedom for adjusting the chainline:

1. Flipping the cog over, because it's dished.

2. The cog sits on a couple of spacers, so you can change the order of spacers and the cog.

3. Putting the chain ring on one side or the other.