Lots of inexpensive cyclometers will measure speed, distance, cadence and HR as well as read out averages after a ride. Garmin and others with GPS will record your track and these numbers as a function of time and distance along the track. The activity files recorded by these devices are uploaded to various websites that will display your track on map and graph your speed, HR, and cadence as function of distance or time along the track. Elevation information is also available either via barometric sensors in the device, GPS, or map data on the sites that you upload to. Garmin and some other GPS cyclometers have the capacity to use wheel sensors which improve accuracy in distance and instantaneous speed by making up for noise and uncertainty in GPS position.

Edit: I should add that some of the higher-end bike GPS devices add maps and navigation. The Garmin 510 offers a bread-crumb track to follow whereas the 810 has maps and will provide navigation.