Okay, I finally managed to strip everything down and get the back axle out. The wheel was a 9 1/4" bearings system. There were no bearings on one side at all, the other had the 9.
The tiny ball bearings from the freewheel cassette (had to take it off to help getting the axle off) were also only on one side (the side nearest the wheel), there were none on the other side. Apparently these tiny ones (not the 9 1/4") are supposed to be on both sides? Are there freewheel cassettes that only have these tiny ones on one side?
I have attached a few more photos...
