my bike gets muddy every weekend and it's usually raining when I ride also.
I often just stick my bike in the garage and clean it the next day.
By that time the mud has all dried and I wipe it off with a little broom and rag. I don't shine up or wax the frame.
Take a fine brush to get at mud between the cogs and in all other hard to reach areas.
I use a shop rag saturated with simple green and hold it to the chain and spin the crank. then do it again with a dry rag to remove most of the degreaser. then lube it and wipe the excess in the same way.
every other ride or so I remove the cable housing on the rear derailleur, clean and relube the cable and derailleur.
then scrape the brake pads clean and clean the rims with a brush or rag.
this only takes about a half hour or so for me.
I've only once removed the rear wheel to thoroughly clean the rear cassette after an extreme mud-fest.