Hopefully you'll be fine with the strategies you've suggested yourself.

I would choose one co-worker that sits right adjacent, and you're friendly enough to chat with, privately pull them aside, tell them you are cycling to work, you don't want to offend anybody by stinking, so please help out and let me know if you ever smell anything and I will take care of it right away.

If you want to bring a towel, look around for an out-of-the way place to hang it, like is there a janitor's closet or storage area you can ask to have a hook put on the wall? Also it doesn't have to be a giant, fluffy towel, those take ages to dry. Consider something like this microfiber towel, very small and portable, dries super quick, comes with a loop for hanging and a bag for storage. The smaller ones (16x32"?) will dry your whole body surprisingly well.