Yes. I got a new bike last year, to replace one I won in a raffle.

Old bike: a new school Dutch bike from Public - step through frame, 7 speed internal hub
New bike: custom build in a Soma Buena Vista mixte, 8 speed internal hub, 650b wheels

So while both bikes are upright, the differences in riding are night and day. For reference both had fenders, racks. The new bike has a dynamo hub and is a few pounds lighter, maybe 5. Neither is lightweight and I have added weighty accessories.

I spec-ed my bike sight unseen and as a non-mechanically inclined person. I read a few things on the internet about geometry. I told my builder my ideas, and what did work in my bike.

The first difference:
Ride position: new bike is less upright than the old bike. This position change means my legs could contribute more power. And I needed that power for the local hills. This also made all of my rides easier. I was way faster. The gearing was a bit different, but I didn't add a ton of range with the change, just one lower gear.

The new ride position also made longer rides easier.

The frame I have now is more aggressive than the other frame. This likely impacts speed.

The new bike is more nimble than the old bike. This means turns are quick and faster. This is likely related to geometry and frame material. New bike has nicer steel. The frame is lighter.

Also the new bike handles front loads better than the old bike. I have a porteur rack and put my purse or backpack up front. For example, today I had my purse and a bit of takeout up front. I remember needing to concentrate a bit more when steering to keep a straight line on the old bike when loaded up. It is easier on the new bike. On both bikes I did have a lower mounted front rack, so it wasn't really related to placement. Something to do with geometry.

I have also ridden Public and Linus mixtes. And a few vintage 80s mixtes. The other modern Dutch like bikes are slower feeling. The vintage mixtes are speedy but have shorter wheelbases than my bike and are less stable. I quite liked the Rivendell Cheviot, but I like twin stay mixtes and they don't like internal hubs. It is a lot like my bike though, just fancier details.

Frame style alone doesn't predict ride quality.

I also rode the Pilen bike. It had a similar frame as the Public, but was faster and more agile. Another similar bike is Rivendell's Clementine. This was similar. They are quite nice bikes.