I've ridden my carbon bike on a trainer. But I don't do any hard sprint efforts on it. I'm going to be more careful from now on, staying centered over the bike and using a high cadence. Side loads can stress the frame, since it's fixed in place at the axle, unlike riding on the road.
(I was actually more concerned about bearing damage from clamping the axle, but I've never heard of any wheel failures like that.)
A recent thread from another forum:
Colnago EPS Drop Out - Structural Damage? Beyond repair?
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From a mention in that thread:
Ruckus Composites can machine a new dropout from carbon fiber.
They say:
Any Bike, Any Dropout
It's an interesting process. Basically, carefully heat the aluminum dropout to break the epoxy bonds. 3-D print a new dropout to check the fit, then machine one from a block of carbon fiber. Align, glue, trim, paint. And use a standard replaceable dropout.