I don't know how strong the strongest headwind I've ridden into was, but last spring I had to dodge a tumbleweed on a mup rolling right at me pretty quickly. I didn't enjoy my ride that day.
Living in Tucson, I've also encountered a dust devil while riding. I rode into it going about 15mph, slowed down to about 5 in a second, and got thrown out the backside at about 20.