Some offroad riders use Butyl rubber tubes, they are very thick and resist puncture.
They can be run at lower psi without snakebite.
Heavy like 2 weigh as much as a tire, but are really good for flats.
After they rip, you can use them as a tire liner, same deal, the sharp tends to deflect between the layers.
Butyl rubber tubes are expensive.
I changed a tire once and found a nail stuck between my tire and tube -no flat.