I use a thin "incase" bag rather than just a sleeve. It has a removable shoulder strap and a few pockets. I carry it in a waterproof backpack now but I've used the same kind of set up in pannier.
I work relatively often at home or away from the office. As a software developer working on a variety of stuff, it's easier to have one machine that has all my dev environments set up the way I want rather than to try to keep two machines in sync. A lot of our source code is kept in the cloud so that's not the issue so much.
Modern laptops are pretty light and compact so carrying one on a bike isn't a big deal. If you've got an SSD you're not at much risk for HD damage related to shock or vibration.