Honestly, any wheel would probably be just about as "bomb proof" as any other. The bomb proofness of a wheel depends on the rider and how they ride rather than the components. Ride like gorilla while slamming into potholes and curbs and solid discs of aluminum wouldn't be bomb proof enough. Ride like a ballerina while dancing over those same potholes and curbs and you could ride on spiderwebs.

That said, people always make the mistake of concentrating on the wrong component in a bicycle wheel system for strength. Look at all the advice above and everyone is telling you, in essence, to get "the strongest rim you can find". The rim isn't the problem nor the solution to making your wheels stronger and more durable.

Those same people will tell you to use just any old spoke while not recognizing that all the strength of the wheel...okay 99%...comes from the spokes. Light, poorly tensioned spokes will make for a wheel that even that ballerina would have trouble riding and not breaking it. This article tells you why we should all be using a spoke that is called a "triple butted spoke" if we want strong, light wheels.

If you were to rebuild the Cannondale's current wheels and replace just the spokes with a triple butted spoke, you could do it for less than the $400 and have something far better. Wheel Fanatyk has you covered for building as well. This article links to a build method that I've been using 30 years. It's not hard to learn how to build wheels. I learned from that article and a few hard knocks. You can make a good first wheel using the technique and, if you do it enough, your 10th or 20th wheel will be fantastic.