Is your bike the '82 Austro Daimler Alpina of your signature? Your problem sounds a lot like that of a strong, not so light rider on a flexy steel frame (or one of the old, skinny tubed aluminum or titanium) bikes. If this is the case, there isn't a lot you can do. You might try a newer derailleur with a wider cage but this might now get hit by your probably old school straight cranks in high gear. You could have a framebuilder stiffen the BB area with gussets or other support but this would be: ugly, expensive and require a paint job. If this is the case, a stiffer BB and ckankset will help, but it will be like building your house of cards with stiffer, stronger cards.

BITD (that includes 1982) we all new of bikes and riders where your issue happened. It didn't to riders like me (6'+, 145# and a slow twitch, long limbed climber, but guys 5'8 and 175# sprinters could do that to my Fuji Pro, I am sure.

Edit: I saw your post above that you are using a Cyclone. Narrow cage. Quite susceptible to what I described above. There are lots of wider caged derailleurs. (I love the Cyclones and did all my racing on them but they do have limitations. Not having much room for flex, either frame or crankset being one.) Or you can just replace this frame with a Klein of the same era. Problem solved. For you and the next guy twice your weight and strength. Or you might be able to find a chain that is quieter so you don't notice the rub. This suggestion is actually serious.

Ben