As mentioned above, chrome may be a slippery surface, and perhaps stainless would have been better. Make sure the surface of both pieces is roughened slightly.

I probably wouldn't choose superglue for an app like this, and if it failed, it needs to be 100% cleaned off of both surfaces.

One issue might be load application. It shouldn't take much to hold the washer in place with a compression load from the skewer.

However, a vertical load from the axle setting on the washer may be bad (or forward from the chain tension). So, it might be beneficial to undercut the washer slightly, and perhaps also build up the dropout slightly with epoxy, or even a fiber reinforced epoxy.