I found this drawing in the Rebour book (Van der Pas and Berto, p. 50)
Note the dropouts!
Caption reads "Modified Cyclo derailleur and split hub,
Le Cycle 12 August 1950."
There is another drawing that would make sense on p. 48:

Again, note the dropouts. The caption indicates this design was shown in London in 1948. Both these designs (probably) came from the English Cyclo company (there was also a French one).
I won't pretend to understand what has been modified in the first one (I suspect it's the split hub) but I believe what we see here would match the cable stops etc on OP's bike frame. A Cyclo derailleur hanger was probably cut off.