I ride my Colnago C-40 in good weather. Not a lot of packing stuff with it, but I have towed a trailer with it.
The bike would probably be fine for wet weather, but I try to keep it fairly clean.
One will likely get some wear on the Carbon Frame from locking and whatever. I saw an older Scott CR1 bike locked up a while ago with all the clear coat pealing off.
If you do choose to go with CF, I'd hunt for something a couple of years old for perhaps < $1000. There are also some newer budget oriented bikes being made with Tiagra, or perhaps Sora.