As was stated in the other reply, you need a casssette not a freewhweel.
If you saw threads on the end of the freehub body, those were for the smallest cog of the old Uniglide cassettes. Uniglide cassettes are not stocked anymore as they are long out of production but are available on Ebay. Uniglide only hubs are NOT compatible with the newer Hyperglide cassettes no sold in bicycle shops.
HOWEVER all is not lost.
Many of the 105 model 1055 Frehubs were threade outside for Uniglide cassettes as well as being threaded inside for Hyperglide cassetes and had that one wider spline that Hyperglide cassettes use.
In short, if you have the transitional 105 hub you'll be able to use a Hyperglide cassette with no problem.
Another advantage for you is that if the threads on the freehub body were damaged by the freewheel, the internal threads at the end of the hub won't be and you'll still be able to screw on a Hyperglide lockring.
Okay, I found an image of that freehub body and lightened it up some. I see both the external and internal threads which means once you get that freewheel off again you should be able to use a Shimano Hyperglide or other Shimano compatible cassette.
Here's the image of the Shimano 105 FH-1055 freehub body.

They're a bit hard to see but the internal threads are there.
Cheers