There’s a distinction going unrecognized here, between talking about the pedal type causing a crash, and talking about what happens when the pedal type is in a crash.

The following paper addresses some of the injury risks specific to feet being secured to pedals during a crash. They looked exclusively at mechanical cleats, but their determination that the fixed foot was the cause of the studied injuries makes it reasonable to extend the findings to any pedal system which retains the foot.

https://clinmedjournals.org/articles...-Ujo_rvqwej-7Q