Ideally the axle should extend about halfway through the dropout.

Yours do look a little short.

The Over Locknut Dimension (OLD) of most modern front quick release hubs and forks is 100mm, with a few exceptions of folding bicycles.

I think 106mm is not uncommon for axle lengths. If threaded on the ends, you can recenter the axle (often requiring adjusting the axle cones). That gives you about 3mm of axle sticking out.

Wheels Manufacturing sells a replacement front axle that is 110mm long.

That gives you about 5mm of axle sticking out (hopefully shorter than your dropouts).

However, you don't need a lot of axle sticking out, and I'm not convinced that is your problem.