I'm leaning towards this being a wheel dish problem.

It looks like the DS was filed down and back.
The NDS was filed up.

So, if the rim was too far to the NDS side (not dished towards the DS), then to correct for the seatstays, the person would file the DS down and NDS up. To correct for the chainstays, one would file the DS back.

If you have another rear wheel that is built properly that fits, try putting it in the bike.

Or, with the wheel that was with the bike, what happens when you flip the wheel around the other way?

That bike may well ride a bit wonky, especially at speed.

If you fix the wheel, then add your Campy style dropout adjuster screws to keep the wheel forward in the good part of the dropouts.

The frame, of course, could also be bent.