I can't say for carbon rims, but for the steel rims and alloy rims including the lower end Mavic Open Pro UST and Open Elite that I've had, I think without a doubt, they'd withstand the pressure. From my experiences most tires 27" and 700C's in the 23 mm range blew off the rims about 150 to 165 PSI. The only thing that didn't survive was the tube.

Did my tires have a shorter life from that after blowing off? Not that I could tell. I have problems believing that carbon rims wouldn't also handle the brief overpressure. But I've never owned carbon rims.