I will add that I do long tours where the bike lives outside for a few months at a time. It does okay, but I wwouldn't choose to leave it out year round if at home and there was a choice.

Way back in the day we did have old coaster brake pre ww2 vintage bikes that lived outside. They were built like tanks and we repacked or at least oiled bearings somewhat frequently.

I guess it depends on the bike and your willingness to haul it in and out and how fussy you are about your bike. Raising a garage door seems like a pretty minimal effort for a lot of protection from the elements. On the other hand if you have some shelter outside like being under a porch roof it might be nearly as protected as in a non climate controlled garage.

How nice is the bike? What is the climate like? Is there any shelter at all where you will store it. When I was young and living in an apartment that was difficult to bring a bike in I kept a bike on a screened in porch where the stairs to take it in were steep and narrow and it would have been easy to bang up the drywall. The bike was an inexpensive one and the screened in porch was sheltered fairly well. With that set of factors it didn't seem like too bad of an idea.