I have carried camera gear on bikes a variety of ways. On the Trans America and some other tours the DSLR and a couple lenses were in a handlebar bag. Some improvised padding under it was a help in reducing the vibration. On another long tour a little camera bag was draped over a bar roll hung by it's shoulder strap. I also did a lot of mountain biking some of it pretty rough singletracking with camera gear in a Mountain Hardwear fanny pack.

My gear survived in all cases. I typically put lenses and other items each in an individual sock so things don't bang into each other.

Cell phone cameras are good enough that unless photography is a specific purpose of the trip in a way beyond just documenting the trip itself I only take the phone these days. I do have a nice olympus micro 4/3 setup with pro lenses, but am loath to carry more than necessary so it generally stays home. I could imagine a trip where it might go along though.