Basically what you want for a better more flat free set up is good quality puncture protectant tires with a good standard inner tube again from a good quality manufacturer, pumped up to proper pressure. If you need further protection use the Tannus Armour inserts as suggested right above me which will require a slightly smaller inner tube. An old tube is fine for rubber bands or other odd purposes but I see no reason to put it back in the tire.

Do not use thorn resistant tubes, they are so stiff and rigid they make a poor inner tube and are easier to flat even sometimes before they go in the tube. Avoid other sharp edged liners like Mr. Tuffies as they move around quite easily and can abrade or cut the tube. Avoid goo-filled tubes as those are just gross and don't really work that well anyway.

You can also go tubeless which will require a tubeless compatible rim and tire and then you can usually just get a kit which has valves, sealant and rim tape. I would also recommend an insert there but you want a tubeless specific insert not the same thing as Tannus Armour (but Tannus does make one) and basically that allows you to run even lower pressure. The idea of tubeless is the sealant will take the place of the hole so you don't really lose air (maybe a PSI or two) and you just keep riding.