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... the brief version:
your frame is probably spaced at 126mm across the dropouts. Modern 8/9/10 speed wheels are 130mm across the dropouts. You can respace it OK if it's a steel frame, which it's likely to be.
if you put an 8 speed (wouldn't go for the 9 or 10 personally) cassette wheel on there you may have to replace the chain (a good idea to do this periodically anyway) and you may get some chain rub (against the frame) on the smallest sprocket. At a minimum though, a respace of the frame and you should be right to go.
don't mix campagnolo and shimano. Don't even start thinking about that.
A freewheel is an integrated freewheel/cluster unit which screws onto a hub.
A freehub is a splined freewheel unit which is a part of the hub. The cassette (sprockets) are a matched spline and slide onto the freehub, before being secured by a lockring, or the final sprocket is threaded to act as a lockring.
- Joel